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1.
Rev. esp. quimioter ; 32(6): 485-496, dic. 2019. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-190608

RESUMO

The Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) affects up to 10 million people worldwide. It is directly associated to one of the most aggressive T cell malignancies: Adult T Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma (ATLL) and a progressive neurological disorder, Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/ HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM). Also, infected patients tend to have more severe forms of infectious diseases such as Strongyloidiasis and Tuberculosis. HTLV spreads through parenteral, sexual, and vertical (mother-to-child) routes. Effective viral transmission is produced mainly by cell to cell mechanism, unlike other retroviruses such as HIV, which usually spread infecting cells in a cell-free form. HTLV also has a peculiar distribution, with clusters of high endemicity in nearby areas of very low prevalence or absence of the virus. This could be explained by factors including a possible founder effect, the predominance of mother to child transmission and the cell-to-cell trans-mission mechanisms. More data on viral epidemiology are needed in order to develop strategies in endemic areas aimed at reducing viral dissemination. In this review, we critically analyze HTLV-1 pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, associated diseases, preventive strategies, and treatments, with emphasis to the emerging risk for Europe and particularly Spain, focusing on prevention methods to avoid viral transmission and associated diseases


El Virus Linfotrópico Humano T tipo 1 (HTLV-1) afecta hasta a 10 millones de personas en todo el mundo. Está directamente asociado a una de las neoplasias malignas de células T más agresivas: Leucemia-Linfoma de células T del Adulto (LLTA) y a un trastorno neurológico progresivo: Paraparesia Espástica Tropical / Mielopatía Asociada a HTLV-1 (PET/MAH). Además, los pacientes infectados tienden a tener formas más graves de enfermedades infecciosas como la Estrongiloidiasis y Tuberculosis. El HTLV se propaga a través de las siguientes vías: parenteral, sexual y vertical. La transmisión viral efectiva se produce principalmente por el mecanismo de contacto directo de célula a célula, a diferencia de otros retrovirus como el VIH, que generalmente se propaga infectando a las células mediante partículas virales libres. El HTLV-1 tiene una distribución peculiar, con grupos de alta endemicidad en áreas cercanas de muy baja prevalencia o ausencia del virus. Esto podría explicarse por factores que incluyen un posible efecto fundador, el predominio de la transmisión vertical (leche materna) y los mecanismos de transmisión por contacto célula a célula. Hoy en día se necesitan más datos epidemiológicos para desarrollar estrategias en áreas endémicas, destinadas a reducir la diseminación viral. En esta revisión, se analiza la patogénesis, la epidemiología, el diagnóstico, las enfermedades asociadas, las estrategias preventivas y los tratamientos del HTLV-1, con énfasis en el riesgo emergente para Europa y particularmente España, centrándonos en los métodos de prevención para evitar la transmisión viral y las enfermedades asociadas


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por HTLV-I , Infecções por HTLV-I/complicações , Infecções por HTLV-I/diagnóstico , Infecções por HTLV-I/epidemiologia , Infecções por HTLV-I/etiologia , Medição de Risco
2.
Trop Med Int Health ; 24(8): 934-953, 2019 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31183938

RESUMO

This narrative review, which is based on a systematic literature search following the PRISMA guidelines, provides a general overview of Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and associated diseases: Adult T-cell Leukaemia-Lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in Latin America, focusing on epidemiology and prevention. Using the published information on HTLV-1, ATLL and HAM/TSP prevalence, we present comprehensive and accurate maps and tables, and developed an algorithm to assist in the prevention of HTLV-1 transmission through breastfeeding while considering socio-economic status. Latin America is an interesting scenario to study HTLV-1 because of the diverse origin of its population. Apart from the expected high prevalence in inhabitants of African ancestry, the presence of endemic foci affecting indigenous populations is particularly striking. ATLL prevention is the biggest challenge in this field. Most ATLL cases are transmitted through breastfeeding; thus, prevention methods to avoid ATLL in endemic countries have to be focused on this. In view of the high inequality in most Latin American countries, reduction in breastfeeding duration, freezing/thawing and pasteurisation of breastmilk can be suitable interventions in poor settings, considering that avoiding the risk of malnutrition and infant mortality must be the priority.


Cette revue narrative, qui repose sur une recherche bibliographique systématique conforme aux recommandations de PRISMA, fournit un aperçu général sur le virus lymphotropique des lymphocytes T humaines de type 1 (HTLV-1) et les maladies associées: Le lymphome leucémique des cellules T d'adulte (ATLL)) et la myélopathie/paraparésie spastique tropicale (HAM/TSP) associée à HTLV-1 en Amérique latine, en se focalisant sur l'épidémiologie et la prévention. En utilisant les informations publiées sur la prévalence de HTLV-1, ATLL et HAM/TSP, nous présentons des cartes et des tableaux complets et précis et avons développé un algorithme pour aider à la prévention de la transmission du HTLV-1 par l'allaitement tout en tenant compte du statut socioéconomique. L'Amérique latine est un scénario intéressant pour l'étude de HTLV-1 en raison de la diversité des origines de sa population. Outre la forte prévalence escomptée chez les habitants de descendance africaine, la présence de foyers endémiques affectant les populations autochtones est particulièrement frappante. La prévention de l'ATLL est le plus gros défi dans ce domaine. La plupart des cas d'ATLL sont transmis par l'allaitement. Ainsi, les méthodes de prévention pour éviter l'ATLL dans les pays d'endémie doivent être concentrées sur cela. Compte tenu de la forte inégalité qui règne dans la plupart des pays d'Amérique latine, la réduction de la durée de l'allaitement, la congélation/décongélation et la pasteurisation du lait maternel peuvent constituer des interventions appropriées dans les milieux pauvres, tout en considérant que la priorité est d'éviter les risques de malnutrition et de mortalité infantile.


Assuntos
Infecções por HTLV-I/epidemiologia , Infecções por HTLV-I/prevenção & controle , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia
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